Vitamin E is known as important antioxidant to protect the reproductive system. The free radicals are continuously produced in last few years due to metabolic and nutritional deficiencies. These free radicals are responsible for the production of oxidative stress in animal bodies. This production of extensive amount of oxidative stress caused the detrimental effects on the sperm and various other male parameters. This imbalance between the antioxidants and oxidative stress, leads to the condition of infertility in male. Antioxidants play an important role for eliminating of these free radicals. Vitamin E is one of the best antioxidants for the removal of oxidative stress in male reproductive system. Its use increases the reproductive functions and efficiency of male reproductive system. The deficiency of this vitamin leads to degeneration of germinal epithelium and Leydig cells in seminiferous tubules. The use of selenium and vitamin E has the synergistic effects on the male reproductive system. The objective of this review was to collect the beneficial roles of this vitamin along selenium on reproductive system of birds and different animals. This review will also collect the different doses along the beneficial roles on different parameters of male reproductive system.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of daily consumption of bamboo shoots (BS) on the morphological features and functional status of the female reproductive system in adult with respect to thyroid. Methods: Adult female rats were divided into control and experimental groups of six each. Control group was given normal diet while experimental group was fed BS by 1/3rd replacement of 180 g of their food i.e. 60 g of BS containing 35 g of goitrogens of cyanogenic origin such that each rat likely consumed 6 mg/100 g of body weight per day for a period of 45 d. Morphological features like changes in body weight and organ weight were noted. Key steroidogenic enzyme levels viz Δ⁵ 3 β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) and 17 β HSD along with serum estradiol, estriol and progesterone levels were measured. Estrous cyclicity of the animals monitored regularly followed by histological analysis of thyroid, ovary and uterus at the end of experimentation. Results: Increase in body weight, thyroid gland weight and thyroid stimulating hormone, decrease in serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine, a decrease in ovarian as well as uterine weight and the activity of steroidogenic enzymes Δ⁵ 3 β HSD and β 17 β HSD along with diminished serum estradiol, estriol and progesterone levels were noted; while histological plates showed prominent degenerative changes in both the ovary and uterus. Estrous cyclicity of the treated animals were irregular and almost stopped at diestrous stage of the cycle in the latter stage of the treatment as compared to control. Conclusions: Overall results indicates that BS rich in cyanogenic constituents induces biochemical hypothyroidism in the experimental animals that acts in corroboration to cause morphological and functional alteration of reproductive organs indicating its likely impact in fertility on continued use.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) on TNF-α expression, spiral artery remodeling, and placental apoptosis. Methods: The study used pregnant mice divided to five groups of treatment: Group 1, without treatment; Group 2, 1/12 LD₅₀ of lead and Aquadest; Group 3, 1/16 LD₅₀ of lead and Aquadest, Group 4, 1/12 LD₅₀ of lead and 1 × 10⁷ HSC; and group 5, 1/16 LD₅₀ of lead and 1 × 10⁷ HSC. Histopathology examination was performed to identify spiral artery remodeling. Immunohistochemistry analysis was conducted to characterize TNF-α expression and the apoptosis index. The data from all five groups were compared using the ANOVA test. Results: TNF-α expression differed significantly among the groups that were not exposed to lead, exposed to lead and exposed to lead after HSC treatment (P<0.01). There was also a significant difference of spiral artery remodeling between groups without lead-exposed, lead exposed and lead exposed followed HSC treatment (P<0.05). In apoptosis index evaluation there was a significant difference between groups without lead-exposed, lead exposed and lead exposed followed HSC treatment, but not in the groups of 1/16 LD₅₀ of lead followed HSC (P>0.05). Conclusions: In lead-exposed pregnant mice, the administration of hematopoietic stem cell may decrease TNF-α expression, spiral artery remodeling, and placental apoptosis index but in the group of 1/16 LD₅₀ of lead and HSC treatment, apoptosis index has no differences with those of control group.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of long-term exposure to radiofrequency radiations emitted from mobile jammers onrat's reproductive parameters. Methods: Eighty male rats were divided into neonatal group (n=20), immature group (n=30) and mature group (n=30). Neonatal rats were randomly divided into two subgroups. Immature and mature rats were randomly divided into three subgroups. Experimental rats were fixed in the restraining tube and were exposed to radiofrequency radiations emitted from mobile jammers at a distance of 100 cm, for 30 d (7 h/d). Sham group rats were also fixed in restraining tube but without radiations. The control group was allowed to move freely without being exposed to radiation. At the end of the experiment, weight of testes, sperm quality, histological testicular sections and serum testosterone levels were evaluated. Results: Long-term exposure to radiofrequency from mobile jammers could adversely affect neonatal rat fertility, but it did not have significant effects on male mature and immature rat's reproduction parameters. However, restraint stress induced by immobilizing them for a long-period could adversely affect male mature rat's reproductive parameters, but it had no significant effect on male immature rat's reproduction parameters. Conclusion: The effects of EMF exposure to be various based on the life stage.

Objective: To investigate the reproductive performance and milk quality to nutrition pre-pubertal plane in Kurdish female kids. Methods: Forty Kurdish female kids [aged (28.0±6.6) d and weighted (7.56±1.10) kg] were assigned randomly in pre-weaning period to one of two practical diets: low quality diet (LQD) [87 g CP/kg dray matter (DM) and 2.02 Mcal ME/kg DM], and high quality diet (HQD), (148 g CP/kg DM and 2.50 Mcal ME/kg DM). At weaning, from each group, one half of kids was separated randomly and allocated to LQD or HQD. Consequently, in post-weaning period, there were four treatment groups including: LQD pre and post-weaning (L-L), control group and LQD pre-weaning and HQD post-weaning (L-H); HQD pre-weaning and LQD post-weaning (H-L), HQD pre- and post-weanin (H-H). From 30 to 180 d of age, body weight and DM intake were determined every 2 wk. Results: Results showed that the HQD treatment enhanced body weight and DM intake during pre-weaning period, in comparison with the LQD treatment (P<0.01). During post-weaning, kids of H-H treatment had higher DM intake compared with other kid's treatments. Kids fed the HQD treatment had greater withers height compared to kids on the LQD treatment at 90 d of age (P<0.01). Kids in the L-H and H-H groups weighed more and were younger at puberty. In the period of pre-pubertal, diet plan was not significantly affected milk yield and reproductive performance at the first lactation. Conclusions: Overall, management strategies that have been used to availability of nutrition could increase growth and feed intake in Kurdish female kids. In addition, these strategic programs should be enhancing economic characteristics at the start of puberty of kid in goat husbandry.

Objective: To assess the effects of melatonin and/or cysteamineon in vitro maturation, culturing and post-warming of buffalo embryos. Methods: Buffalo oocytes were classified into control, cysteamine (50 μM), melatonin (10 ng/mL) and cysteamine (50 μM) + melatonin (10 ng/mL) treatment groups. In experiment 1, previous treatments were added during in vitro maturation and culturing of buffalo oocytes. Results: Cleavage and blastocyst rates were significantly (P<0.05) increased in melatonin treated group (70.5±0.9 and 12.8±1.0, respectively). However this effect was potentiated when combined with cysteamine (74.0±1.7 and 14.8±1.7, respectively). In experiment 2, the treatements were added in maturtaion, culturing as well as post-warming culture media. Embryos at 7 d were vitrified.Viability assessement directly after warming showed significant increase (P<0.05) in cysteamine, melatonin and their combination groups (76.8±2.8, 80.0±2.1 and 83.3±1.7, respectively) than control (65.8±2.4); but the viability after 24 h post-warming was the best in cysteamine + melatonin combination group (61.4±2.1). Conculsions: Enriching maturation, culturing and post-warming media of buffalo oocytes and embryos with melatonin and/or cysteamine have significantly beneficial effects on oocyte developmental competence as well as embryos vitrification procedure outcomes which in turn resulting in enhancement of commercial buffalo embryo production.

Objective: To compare the prolactin, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, antisperm antibodies, tumor necrosis factor α, total antioxidant capacity, prostaglandin E₂ and F_2α between primary and secondary infertile women in Calabar. Methods: One hundred and two volunteers infertile women (test group), aged 20-45 years attending the infertility clinic in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH) were recruited. Fourteen of the women had primary infertility while 88 of them had secondary infertility. Sixty apparently healthy, age matched women served as the control group. Five millilitres of blood was collected, allowed to clot and serum was obtained from the subjects and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay method was used for prolactin, progesterone, estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), prostaglandin E₂ and F_2α, human TNF-α, Chlamydia trachomatis IgG, antisperm antibodies assay, while serum total antioxidant capacity was assessed spectrophotometrically. Results: The result shows on comparison that primary infertile women has a significantly higher level of progesterone than those with secondary infertility (P>0.05). There was a significant difference in the levels of prolactin and total antioxidant capacity in the primary and secondary infertility when compare to the control group at P>0.05. Their mean ages were (31.10±5.37) years and (33.10±4.91) years respectively. There was a positive correlation between TAC and FSH, TNF and anti-sperm anti-bodies in the test group of r=0.207 and r=0.632; P>0.05 respectively. Conclusions: These findings suggest no alterations in levels of prostaglandin F_2α, TNF and anti-oxidant between primary and secondary infertile females.

Objective: To establish fetal age equations based on ultrasound measurements in cross-bred Holstein cows in Thailand. Methods: The animals were bred for 30-120 d before pregnancy diagnosis using transrectal ultrasonography with real-time B-mode and specify 5 or 7.5 MHz linear array transducer. Parameters examined included crown rump length (CRL), trunk diameter (TrD) and eye diameter (ED). Results: One hundred and two cows had been examined, 80 of them were pregnant and contained at least one measurable characteristic as defined in the methods. Regression analysis and curve estimation were implied. The most frequently visualized parameters were TrD (42/80; 52.50%) and CRL (41/80; 51.25%) whereas ED (13/80; 16.25%) was least frequently detected. In our study, the equations to estimate fetal age (indicated as Y) from CRL and TrD were established with very high correlation coefficients as follows, Y = 22.679+12.005 (CRL)-1.042 (CRL)², R² = 0.950, P<0.001 and Y = 14.583+29.878 (TrD)-3.759 (TrD)²-0.225 (TrD)³, R² = 0.950, P<0.001. The equation from ED was Y=107.582-98.928 (ED)+61.116 (ED)²-9.221 (ED)³ but with very low correlation coefficient (R² = 0.673, P=0.021). Comparing between our equations (CRL and TrD) and the ones embedded in the commercially available ultrasounds, the higher fetal age was estimated based on the same value of parameters (P<0.05). In conclusion, the most reliable equations created in our study were from CRL and TrD. Conclusions: Comparing with others, Thai cross-bred fetus clearly showed slower growth rate and thus, to use our CRL's and TrD's equations for estimating fetal age seems more reliable than to use the ones embedded in the commercial ultrasounds.

Delayed ejaculation is a rare condition with different etiologies. Majority of cases of delayed ejaculation have a strong psychological/behavior component. A 48-year-old male with a diagnostic of delayed ejaculation acquired was encouraged to make an exercise protocol using a masturbation device for 8 wk, the percentage of intercourse successful a month after finish protocol exercise was 81%.