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REVIEW
Diabetes mellitus and male infertility
S Omolaoye Temidayo, S du Plessis Stefan
January 2018, 7(1):6-14
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.220978
Infertility is prevalent in about 10%-25% of couples in their reproductive age, analogous to 60-80 million infertile couples globally. Of these infertility cases, 10%-30% are exclusively attributed to a problem of the male. Several diseases have been implicated as contributors to deteriorating male fertility and diabetes mellitus (DM) is included. DM, a chronic non-communicable disease, has been considered as one of the most appreciable health threats, as it affects 9% (422 million) of the world’s population as of 2014. It is characterised by hyperglycaemia, which can result from the inability of the pancreatic β-cells to secrete insulin or from the target tissue becoming insensitive to insulin. DM has been reported to influence male reproductive function through diverse pathways and mechanisms. The adverse effects of reactive oxygen species and successive development of oxidative stress that occur due to DM have been investigated and implicated by several studies. The products of non-enzymatic glycosylation are reported to be widely distributed in the reproductive tract of diabetic men. Additionally, DM has been implicated to impair the processes of male sexual acts. Data reported in this review were extracted from PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Scopus with diabetes and male infertility as the key search words. In light of the aforementioned, the aim of this review is to provide brief background information on DM as well highlight and explain the likely mechanisms of male fertility which DM impacts.
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19
12,721
1,031
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Sperm counts in Asian men: Reviewing the trend of past 50 years
Pallav Sengupta, Sulagna Dutta, Maiza Binti Tusimin, Tulay Irez, Elzbieta Krajewska-Kulak
March 2018, 7(2):87-92
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.228018
Objective:
To reveal the trend in alterations of sperm counts in Asian men over the past 50 years.
Methods:
This study reviewed all the published reports to unveil the specific pattern of alterations of sperm concentrations in Asian men from 1965 till 2015. The time-related changes in sperm concentration were studied using linear regression analyses.
Results:
The present study elucidated the trend using the reports from Carlsen
et al
(1965-1990) and non-Carlsen studies published until 2015, on fertile Asian men. In the reports of Carlsen
et al
, no overall declining trend in Asian men
(r
= 0.509,
P
= 0.760) was observed during this tenure, but non- Carsen reports showed a significant time-dependent decline of sperm concentration
(r
= -0.754,
P
= 0.005) in Asian men. This present review also showed a mild time-dependant decline in sperm concentration (-0.44×10
6
/mL/year, 95% CI: -0.65 to -0.23;
r
= -0.473,
P
= 0.040) which accounted for an overall 22.17% decrease in past 50 years.
Conclusions:
This study brings to the forefront that sperm concentration among Asian men follows a mild declining trend over the period of 50 years, and further studies addressing the causes of this decline are required.
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17
9,936
570
Biofertilizing efficiency of
Sargassum polycystum
extract on growth and biochemical composition of
Vigna radiata
and
Vigna mungo
B Bharath, S Nirmalraj, M Mahendrakumar, K Perinbam
January 2018, 7(1):27-32
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.220982
Objective:
To evaluate the effect of marine brown alga
Sargassum polycystum
extract on growth and biochemical parameters of
Vigna radiata
and
Vigna mungo
.
Methods:
Different concentrations of algal extracts (0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, 4.0%, and 5.0%) were prepared and applied to the crops at every 10-day intervals under natural conditions. After 30 d, the plants were harvested to evaluate the growth and biochemical parameters.
Results:
Seaweed liquid fertilizers treated seedlings showed maximum growth in 3.0% concentration when compared to the untreated seedlings. Similarly, biochemical parameters such as photosynthetic pigments, protein, reducing sugar, total sugar and amino acids exhibited increases in 3.0% concentration seaweed extract. Decreases in growth and biochemical parameters were noticed in concentrations higher than 3.0%.
Conclusions:
Presence of micronutrients and growth regulating substances in the liquid extract help healthier and faster productivity of the crop.
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12
5,357
556
Antioxidant effects of quercetin in freeze-thawing process of mouse spermatogonial stem cells
Fardin Amidi, Zahra Rashidi, Zahra Khosravizadeh, Kajal Khodamoradi, Ali Talebi, Shadan Navid, Mehdi Abbasi
January 2019, 8(1):7-12
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.250417
Objective:
To evaluate the antioxidant effect of quercetin on cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents and apoptosis of cryopreserved mouse spermatogonial stem cells (mSSCs).
Methods:
mSSCs were isolated from neonate mice and cultivated in culture medium containing 30 μΜ quercetin for 48 h and then frozen for 2 weeks. After thawing, MTT assay was carried out to analyze the cell viability. Moreover, intracellular ROS levels were measured by flow cytometery and apoptosis was evaluated by detection of phosphatidylserine externalization assay and also real-time polymerase chain reaction.
Results:
Pre-treatment of mSSCs by 30 μΜ quercetin significantly decreased intracellular ROS content and apoptotic cell numbers and improved viability of mSSCs. Moreover, the gene expression of
Bcl-2
and
Bax
significantly increased and decreased respectively after the freeze-thawing process.
Conclusions:
Pre-treatment of mSSCs with quercetin can improve cell viability and reduce apoptosis during freeze-thawing process. It can be a promising way to improve the quality and efficiency of cryopreservation protocols used in fertility preservation strategies.
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12
3,852
480
Effect of hydro–alcoholic extract of
Olea europaea
on apoptosis–related genes and oxidative stress in a rat model of torsion/detorsion–induced ovarian damage
Majid Shokoohi, Malihe Soltani, Seyed-Hosein Abtahi-Eivary, Vahid Niazi, Mohammad Javad Rafeei Poor, Hooman Ravaei, Ramin Salimnejad, Maryam Moghimian, Hamed Shoorei
July 2019, 8(4):148-156
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.262831
Objective:
To evaluate the impact of
Olea (O.) europaea
extract on markers of oxidative stress and apoptosis of ovarian tissues in a rat model of torsion/detorsion-induced ovarian damage.
Methods:
A total of 28 Wistar female rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups, with 7 rats in each group. The sham group received a 2.5 cm longitudinal incision in the midline part of the abdomen which was then sutured with 5-0 nylon thread; the torsion/detorsion group underwent torsion induction for 3 h followed by reperfusion for 10 days; the torsion/detorsion+O.
europaea
group received 300 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of
O. europaea
30 min before detorsion, followed by reperfusion for 10 days; and the
O. europaea
group only received 300 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of
O. europaea
for 10 days. After the treatment period, blood samples were taken; the levels of estrogen, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde were assayed. The histological changes, as well as the rate of apoptosis in ovarian tissues, were also carried out by histomorphometric analysis at day 10 post-procedure.
Results:
Histological comparisons demonstrated a significant detrimental change in the torsion/ detorsion group as compared with other groups. The number of pre-antral and antral follicles and corpus luteum was significantly decreased in the torsion/detorsion group compared with the sham group, while treatment with
O. europaea
could enhance their numbers (
P
<0.05). The index of apoptosis and the number of atretic body in the ovarian tissue were significantly higher in the torsion/detorsion group compared with the sham group (
P
<0.05). The concentrations of glutathione peroxidase, estrogen, and superoxide dismutase as well as the mRNA expression of
Bcl-2
were considerably diminished in the torsion/detorsion group while they were elevated in the torsion/detorsion+O.
europaea
group (
P
<0.05) compared with the torsion/detorsion group. The serum malondialdehyde level and the mRNA expression of
Bax
were markedly increased during ischemia, while treatment with
O. europaea
significantly diminished the increased concentrations of malondialdehyde and Bax level in the torsion/detorsion+O.
europaea
group (
P
<0.05).
Conclusions:
O. europaea
extract can reduce the degree of tissue damage induced by oxidative stress and apoptosis in the ovary following ovarian ischemia/reperfusion.
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12
2,991
333
The methanolic extract of
Guibourtia tessmannii
(Caesalpiniaceae) improves sexual parameters in high fat diet-induced obese sexually sluggish rats
Patrick Brice Deeh Defo, Modeste Wankeu-Nya, Esther Ngadjui, Georges Romeo Bonsou Fozin, François Xavier Kemka, Albert Kamanyi, Pierre Kamtchouing, Pierre Watcho
September 2017, 6(5):202-211
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.215930
Objective:
To evaluate the effects of the methanolic extract of
Guibourtia tessmannii (G. tesmannii)
on sperm parameters, lipid profile and testosterone level in obese rats.
Methods:
A total of 193 male Wistar rats were fed either with palm oil diet (
n
=185) or standard diet (
n
=8) for 16 wk. At the end of this feeding period, 90 obese rats were selected and randomly divided into 18 groups of five rats each and treated with distilled water (10 mL/kg), vitamin E (75 mg/ kg), clomiphene citrate (2 mg/kg) or methanolic extract of
G. tessmannii
(55, 110 or 220 mg/ kg) for 7, 21 or 56 d. At the end of each treatment period, sperm parameters, lipid profile and testosterone level were evaluated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA for repeated measures followed by post-hoc Tukey HSD (
P
<0.05) for multiple comparisons.
Results:
Feeding of rats for 16 wk with palm oil diet significantly damaged sperm parameters. The methanolic extract of
G. tesmannii
improved sperm viability, motility and normality after 21 or 56 d of treatment. The sperm normality increased significantly in rats treated with the methanolic extract of
G. tesmannii
for 7 (110 mg/kg,
P
<0.01) and 56 d (110 and 220 mg/kg,
P
<0.05) compared to control group. Triglycerids, total cholesterol, low and very low density lipoproteins cholesterol levels were lower in rats treated with the plant extract for 56 d.
G. tesmannii
also significantly increased the high density lipoprotein cholesterol and testosterone levels in the plasma after 56 d of treatment.
Conclusions:
The methanolic extract of
G. tesmannii
can improve sperm parameters, lipid profile and testosterone level in obese rats. These findings may justify the folkloric use of
G. tesmannii
as a reproductive performance enhancer.
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10
3,934
383
REVIEW
Infertility in China: Culture, society and a need for fertility counselling
Shanna Logan, Royce Gu, Wen Li, Shuo Xiao, Antoinette Anazodo
January 2019, 8(1):1-6
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.250416
With a high rate of infertility, it is important to understand the context of fertility and family planning in China, to inform the necessity of supportive care. A literature review was undertaken to explore the societal constructs informing perspectives of childbearing, family planning and infertility, alongside Chinese considerations of fertility treatments, including assisted reproductive technologies and fertility counselling. In China, childbearing attitudes and behaviours are shaped by tensions between traditional cultural values of the filial piety originating from Confucianism, the history of strict family planning policy, the recent termination of one-child policy and the socioeconomic circumstance. For infertile Chinese individuals, the inability to meet these childbearing expectations gives rise to significant pressure and consequent psychological distress, particularly depressive symptoms. Demographic factors such as gender, education, income and geographical location have been found to influence prevalence and degree of depression in infertile Chinese men and women. These difficulties are compounded by barriers of cultural acceptance, legislative restrictions and availability of resources for alternative options such as adoption and surrogacy. It is important that these fertility sociocultural factors are taken into consideration when assisting Chinese patients to access and utilise fertility treatment services.
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10
10,308
833
CASE REPORT
COVID-19 pneumonia in an Iraqi pregnant woman with preterm delivery
Hayder M Al-kuraishy, Thabat J Al-Maiahy, Ali I Al-Gareeb, Rasha A Musa, Zaid H Ali
May 2020, 9(3):156-158
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.282984
Rationale:
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious disease due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV2). Vertical transmission and clinical presentation of COVID-19 in pregnancy is still obscure. Additionally, the potential hazard of COVID-19 in pregnancy on the fetus and post-delivery risk for the neonate remain under investigations.
Patient concern:
A young-aged Asian pregnant woman with 28 weeks of gestation presented with fever, dyspnoea, headache, and joint pain with decreased fetal movement for about one week.
Diagnosis:
The patient was diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia.
Interventions:
The patient was referred to the quarantine sector and was treated with chloroquine orally, intravenous fluid and other supportive treatment.
Outcomes:
After one week of treatment, the patient improved. Seventeen days after admission to hospital and at 30 weeks of gestation, she started vaginal preterm delivery of a viable healthy neonate with negative COVID-19 test for two occasions.
Lessons:
COVID-19 pneumonia during pregnancy presents with similar clinical presentation of non-pregnant women. COVID-19 pneumonia during pregnancy increases the risk of preterm labour without evidence of vertical transmission.
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9
2,037
249
CASE REPORTS
COVID-19 pneumonia in an Iraqi pregnant woman with preterm delivery
Hayder M Al-kuraishy, Thabat J Al-Maiahy, Ali I Al-Gareeb, Rasha A Musa, Zaid H Ali
0, 0(0):0-0
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.282984
Rationale:
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious disease due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV2). Vertical transmission and clinical presentation of COVID-19 in pregnancy is still obscure. Additionally, the potential hazard of COVID-19 in pregnancy on the fetus and post-delivery risk for the neonate remain under investigations.
Patient concern:
A young-aged Asian pregnant woman with 28 weeks of gestation presented with fever, dyspnoea, headache, and joint pain with decreased fetal movement for about one week.
Diagnosis:
The patient was diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia.
Interventions:
The patient was referred to the quarantine sector and was treated with chloroquine orally, intravenous fluid and other supportive treatment.
Outcomes:
After one week of treatment, the patient improved. Seventeen days after admission to hospital and at 30 weeks of gestation, she started vaginal preterm delivery of a viable healthy neonate with negative COVID-19 test for two occasions.
Lessons:
COVID-19 pneumonia during pregnancy presents with similar clinical presentation of non-pregnant women. COVID-19 pneumonia during pregnancy increases the risk of preterm labour without evidence of vertical transmission.
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9
8,224
127
REVIEW
Sperm dosage and site of insemination in relation to fertility in bovines
Tushar Kumar Mohanty, Shabir Ahmad Lone, A Kumaresan, M Bhakat, R Kumar, Rubina K Baithalu, Ranjana Sinha, Adil Rasool Paray, Hanuman P Yadav, Sangram K Sahu, Ashok K Mohanty
January 2018, 7(1):1-5
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.220977
Low sperm numbers in artificial insemination (AI)-doses are being used widely to make the best use of high genetic value bulls as well as sex-sorted semen. Sperm concentration needed for AI to obtain reasonable fertility, taking genetic value of bull and numerous others components into consideration is one of the essential constituents for successful AI breeding program. However, low sperm concentrations in AI-doses lead to reducing post-thaw viability. The reduction in viability of low sperm doses may be affected by fresh semen volume, sperm number and seminal plasma level at final dilution. Reduction in quality and fertility of low sperm doses is one of the limitations for their use in successful AI programme. Sperm number per AI required to achieve optimum fertility is one of the main crucial things to AI industry, and numerous efforts have been made in this regard. Due to great variability among bulls, sperm number per AI could be a limiting factor in achieving acceptable fertility values. Fertility of low sperm doses may vary among bulls, and non-return rates (NRRs) with low sperm doses may be determined by fertility level of bull. On the basis of individual bulls, sperm numbers in AI doses needed to be adjusted to reduce the variations in NRRs among bulls. Utilizing high fertile bulls for low sperm doses with acceptable non-return rates (NRRs) may be a way to cover a large number of bovines under AI in countries like India. Deposition site within the uterine horn may alter non return rates following inseminations with low sperm doses. Following deep-uterine inseminations, acceptable pregnancies may be achieved with low sperm doses and even if ovulation side is unknown.
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9
12,539
1,001
REVIEW ARTICLES
Leptin and male reproduction
Pallav Sengupta, Koushik Bhattacharya, Sulagna Dutta
September 2019, 8(5):220-226
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.268143
The global scenario reveals that the recent trend of deterioration of male fertility parameters parallels the growing prevalence of obesity. Over the last few decades, substantial research evidence has surfaced that aid understanding of the mechanisms by which body energy homeostasis is associated with reproductive functions. In this regard, leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, finds utmost relevance for its versatile physiological functions especially in metabolism as well as in the regulation of reproductive functions. Since leptin receptors are found to be highly expressed in several structures, both centrally and peripherally, it has been hypothesized that leptin may affect reproductive functions either
via
the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis or may also directly act upon gonadal tissues. Its roles, particularly during puberty and reproduction, are well documented. However, the exact mechanisms of leptin actions upon the gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons to induce physiological changes of puberty and reproduction need further research. Leptin is proven as an essential hormone required for normal reproductive functions, but when leptin levels exceed the physiological limit, it may adversely affect the testicular processes. Leptin can serve as a potential link between obesity and male infertility, as it has been shown that poor male reproductive parameters such as low sperm count, testicular oxidative stress, high rate of morphological abnormalities in sperm, positively correlate with increased levels of leptin in obese men. Therefore, the present review article aims to provide a better understanding of the updated views on the functions of leptin and mechanisms of leptin actions on male reproduction.
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9
3,146
379
REVIEW
Melatonin as an antioxidant preserving sperm from domestic animals
Alfredo Medrano, Carlos F BSc Contreras, Fernando MSc Herrera, Alicia MSc Alcantar-Rodriguez
November 2017, 6(6):241-246
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.217317
The role of melatonin on sperm function as well as its use as antioxidant for sperm conservation is analysed in this review. Melatonin has been included in the cooling/freezing media for the conservation of spermatozoa. Depending on the animal species, the best dose to improve sperm quality and fertile capacity is in the range from 0.01 mM to 3.00 mM. Since the work started on the use of melatonin as antioxidant for the conservation of spermatozoa (2011), a search for references was done on the subject using internet and our university libraries: journals, proceedings, thesis,
etc
. The search focused on animal spermatozoa, but a collection of papers on human spermatozoa was also carried out.
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8
4,738
655
REVIEW ARTICLES
Obesity, endocrine disruption and male infertility
Sulagna Dutta, Anupam Biswas, Pallav Sengupta
September 2019, 8(5):195-202
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.268133
Obesity has become a global pandemic since the last few decades with prevalence in more than one-third of the population in the United States. Another concurrent global health concern is the declining trend in male fecundity in terms of semen quality. Male infertility etiology is multifactorial with obesity serving as one of the major causatives. An array of research is directed in unveiling the potential mechanism underlying the obesity-induced male subfertility or infertility. Obesity may alter the hormonal milieu of the hypothalamic- pituitary-gonadal axis, its crosstalks with other metabolic hormones, upregulates secretion of adipose tissue-derived hormones and other factors, thus influencing the endocrine regulation of male reproduction. Obesity may also directly impair testicular functions by inducing genetic and epigenetic alterations in spermatozoa, disrupting sperm morphology and functions. Given the complexity of the condition of obesity and the multivariate etiopathology of male subfertility/ infertility, this review is aimed to provide an updated concept on how obesity mediated hormonal modulation may affect male fertility parameters.
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8
3,882
469
Thyroid hormones in male reproduction and infertility
Ahmed Alahmar, Sulagna Dutta, Pallav Sengupta
September 2019, 8(5):203-210
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.268135
Thyroid hormones have been well studied for its relevance to male reproduction in the last few decades. They are considered as essential regulators of male reproductive functions and play vital roles in male gonadal developments. Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism both affect testicular functions and influence neuroendocrine regulations over reproductive functions
via
the crosstalk between the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The alterations in the male reproductive hormonal milieu by thyroid hormones may lead to reduced testosterone levels and deterioration of semen quality. However, there are very few reports on the direct effects of thyroid disorders upon testicular functions and semen quality. This article aims to review the available literature to present a concise updated concept on the regulation of male reproductive functions by the thyroid hormones, and the possible mechanism by which thyroid dysfunctions affects testicular functions.
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8
6,266
453
Male reproductive hormones and semen quality
Sulagna Dutta, Pallav Sengupta, Suriyani Muhamad
September 2019, 8(5):189-194
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.268132
Male reproductive functions are mediated by different hormones whose orchestrations remain a major research interest. The ‘master’ regulator hormonal axis is the hypothalamo- pituitary-gonadal/testicular axis which is led by the pulsatile release of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone. This, in turn, stimulates the anterior pituitary trophic hormones, the luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone act upon the testicular cells, the Leydig cells for steroidogenesis and Sertoli cells to aid spermatogenesis, respectively. This primary axis is influenced by an array of other testicular hormones, metabolic hormones, and different regulatory factors. These hormonal crosstalks influence the intricate testicular functions, sexual behavior and semen quality in men. Given the growing concern in the last few decades over the increasing prevalence of male subfertility and/or infertility mostly in terms of deteriorating semen quality, it is required to find its underlying mechanisms. In this regard, the endocrine regulation of testicular functions is of prime importance in the determination of semen quality and sperm functions. This review article aims to present a concise updated overview on the mechanism by which the key hormones integrate the male reproductive functions and maintain the semen quality.
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7
4,239
475
Adiponectin in male reproduction and infertility
Sulagna Dutta, Pallav Sengupta, Anupam Biswas
September 2019, 8(5):244-250
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.268153
Adiponectin is an adipokine that has the highest plasma concentration among all other adipokines. It is a white adipose tissue secretion essential for the regulation of energy metabolism owing to its antiatherogenic insulin-resistance, and anti-inflammatory properties. Studies have put forth that adiponectin is a potent endocrine regulator with mechanisms relating energy balance with reproductive function in different species, including humans. The two adiponectin receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 have been found to be expressed in the prime regulatory axis of reproduction, the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The activation of adiponectin receptors has been shown to regulate the secretion and gene expressions of kisspeptin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropins. Adiponectin finds relevance in the regulations of most of the vital testicular functions, such as steroidogenesis, germ cell proliferation and their coordinated apoptosis, as well as in modulation of testicular redox status and oxidative stress. Since metabolic syndrome and their associations with male infertility have been gaining immense research interest, adiponectin seems to be one of the important mediators of metabolic syndrome-induced male reproductive dysfunctions. This article aims to review the patterns of adiponectin expression in the male reproductive tissues and the mechanism by which adiponectin modulates male reproductive functions.
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7
2,676
291
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Seasonal changes in testicular ultrasonogram pixel-intensity and their association with semen characteristics in rams
Mohamed Gamal Hedia, Mohamed Shehata El-Belely, Sayed Taha Ismail, Amal Mahmoud Abo El-Maaty
January 2020, 9(1):49-54
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.275635
Objective:
To establish reference values for pixel intensity of testicular ultrasonogram of rams in breeding and non-breeding seasons, and to investigate if the seasonal changes in testicular echogenicity and heterogeneity are associated with semen characteristics.
Methods:
Five Awassi rams aged 3-5 years old and weighing 45-60 kg were subjected to ultrasonographic scanning of the testes twice monthly for one year (from January 2018 to December 2018), together with semen collection and evaluation of ejaculate volume, sperm motility, sperm concentration, sperm morphology and viability. The ejaculate volume was determined in a graduated collection tube (scale of 0.1 mL). Mass and individual sperm motility was expressed in percentage of motile spermatozoa under optical microscope equipped with a warm stage. Sperm concentration was determined by using a Neubauer chamber. Semen smears stained with eosin-nigrosin were used to determine the percentage of live spermatozoa and sperm cell morphology by using a light microscope.
Results:
The mean testicular pixel intensity was the lowest in winter and increased gradually from breeding season to non- breeding season, reaching its maximum value in summer (
P
<0.05). Pixel intensity was found to have a significant negative correlation with progressive motility (
r
=-0.605,
P
<0.05), and sperm concentration (
r
=-0.619,
P
<0.05). It is also positively correlated with the percentage of sperm morphological abnormalities (
r
=0.666,
P
<0.05).
Conclusions:
Pixel intensity values of testicular ultrasonogram in rams undergo marked seasonal changes that are associated with fluctuations in photoperiod and ambient temperature. The resulting values of testicular echogenicity (pixel intensity) throughout the year provide useful reference values for predicting the testicular function in Awassi rams.
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6
2,181
285
Antioxidant and anti-caspase 3 effect of chitosan-
Pinus merkusii
extract nanoparticle against lead acetate-induced testicular toxicity in rat
Sri Agus Sudjarwo, Chairul Anwar, Giftania Wardani, Koerniasari Eraiko, Koerniasari
January 2019, 8(1):13-19
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.250418
Objective:
To investigate the antioxidant and anti-caspase 3 effect of chitosan-
Pinus merkusii
extract nanoparticle on lead acetate-induced toxicity in rat testis.
Methods:
Chitosan-
Pinus merkusii
nanoparticles were identified by dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscope. The male rats were divided into control group (rats were given with distilled water); lead acetate group [rats were injected with lead acetate 20 mg/kg body weight (BW) i..p.], and the treatment group (rats were given the chitosan-
Pinus merkusii
nanoparticle 150 mg; 300 mg; 600 mg/kg BW orally and were injected with lead acetate 20 mg/kg BW). The testis tissues were collected to evaluate the malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), histological evaluations of testis damage, and the
caspase 3
mRNA expression was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.
Results:
The dynamic light scattering showed that the size of chitosan-
Pinus merkusii
nanoparticle was (530.2±38.2) nm. The scanning electron microscope images of the chitosan-
Pinus merkusii
nanoparticles showed an irregular shape, and the morphology surface showed the rough surface. The treatment with lead acetate resulted in significantly increasing MDA level and
caspase 3
mRNA expression, and significantly decreasing level of SOD and GPx when compared with control group. The treatment with the chitosan-
Pinus merkusii
nanoparticle 600 mg/kg BW but not 150 and 300 mg/kg BW significantly decreased the MDA levels,
caspase 3
mRNA expression, and also increased level of SOD and GPx when compared with lead acetate group. The lead acetate induced loss of the normal structure of testicular cells and necrosis, whereas treatment with chitosan-
Pinus merkusii
nanoparticle inhibited testicular cell necrosis.
Conclusions:
It can be concluded that chitosan-
Pinus merkusii
nanoparticle protects rat testis from oxidative damage and apoptosis caused by lead acetate, through increasing antioxidant and inhibiting caspase 3 expression.
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3,204
384
REVIEW ARTICLES
Obestatin in male reproduction and infertility
Tulay Irez, Ivan Rolland Karkada, Sulagna Dutta, Pallav Sengupta
September 2019, 8(5):239-243
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.268146
Obestatin is a 23-amino acid peptide hormone secreted by the stomach and is found in several tissues all over the body, such as the gastric mucosa, spleen, mammary gland, plasma as well as in the testicular Leydig cells. Obestatin seems to operate as part of the integrated gut-brain network acting as an anorectic hormone, reducing food intake and reversing body weight gain. Besides the expressions of obestatin in male reproductive tissues, it is also shown to increase testosterone secretions, thus ameliorating testicular functions. In the present scenario where the increasing prevalence in obesity is considered as one of the major causatives of worldwide declining trend of semen quality, molecules like obestatin playing roles in both metabolic and reproductive functions find importance in management of obesity-induced male infertility or subfertility. The present review article aims to provide updated concepts on obestatin and its mode of actions, and its role in modulation of male reproductive functions.
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202
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Antifertility properties of
Centella asiatica
ethanolic extract as a contraceptive agent: Preliminary study of sperm proteomic
Irfan Yunianto, Nurul Ain Kamar Bashah, Mahanem Mat Noor
September 2017, 6(5):212-216
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.215931
Objective:
To investigate the antifertility properties of
Centella asiatica
L. ethanolic extract and identify the sperm proteomic changes in treated male rats.
Methods:
A total of 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: control group (
n
=16) received distilled water and treatment group (
n
=16) which received 300 mg/kg of
Centella asiatica
L. extract for 42 d. After the treatment period, the number of implantation sites was recorded and the sperm proteomic changes were analysed by 2D gel electrophoresis. In addition, the expression of protein spots was quantified by MALDI-TOF analysis.
Results:
Centella asiatica
L. extract resulted in low number of implantation sites in the treatment group (100.00±2.82) compared to the control group (183.00±2.14). The percentage of infertile male rats in the treatment group was higher (43.75%) compared to the control group (18.75%). Proteomic analysis showed the expression of protein spots identified in the treatment group decreased with 234 spots compared to the control group with 282 spots.
Conclusions:
The results revealed that there was antifertility activity in the male rats with the administration of
Centella asiatica
L. ethanol extract and the identified proteins could provide understanding on the adverse effect of
Centella asiatica
in male reproductive system.
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5,097
520
Cryopreservation of cattle semen using coconut water extender with different glycerol concentrations
Reda Ibrahim El-Sheshtawy, Walid Said El-Nattat, Gamal Abdel Daiem Ali
November 2017, 6(6):279-282
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.217343
Objective:
To investigate the effect of coconut water with a lone concentration and different concentrations of glycerol on chilled and cryopreserved cattle semen characteristics.
Methods:
Semen was collected from five mature cattle bulls, at weekly intervals for 5 weeks. The ejaculates were pooled and evaluated for dilution processing. Tris citrate egg yolk fructose was used as control treatment for semen, while 50% (V/V) coconut water, 25% (V/V) bi-distilled water and 25% (V/V, 5% anhydrous monosodium citrate) to 20 mL egg yolk and three different concentrations of glycerol (4%, 6% and 8%) were used as coconut water (CW)- glycerol-yolk extenders (CWCG-4, CWCG-6 and CWCG-8). Extended semen was cooled and cryopreserved. Sperm motility%, sperm membrane integrity%, normal acrosome%, live sperm% and total sperm abnormalities% were recorded after equilibrium and after freeze-thawing.
Results:
The addition of 4% glycerol to coconut water enriched media (CWCG-4) revealed the most effective addition of glycerol on all parameters after equilibrium and after freeze-thawing.
Conclusions:
Coconut water enriched media with 4% glycerol addition is safe to be used as an extender in bull semen preservation because it is a sterile liquid. So, it can be used without addition of antibiotics to the extender, as antibiotics have to some extent hazardous effect on spermatozoa.
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569
Effect of alcohol infusion of
Cissus populnea
root on testicular function and serum hormone of male Wistar rats
Tomilola D Olaolu, Damilare E Rotimi, Ayotunde P Olaolu
May 2018, 7(3):117-122
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.233572
Objective:
To examine the effect of
Cissus populnea
root on testicular function of male Wistar rats.
Methods:
Twenty albino male Wistar rats [(100.0 ±25.5) g] were selected into four groups randomly. The control group were administered 0.20 mL of distilled water while the other groups received 0.05 mL, 0.10 mL, and 0.20 mL/kg body weight of ethanol infusion. Oral administration was done using oropharyngeal cannula once daily for 14 days. Animals were thereafter sacrificed on day 15. Data obtained from this study were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with multiple comparisons, post-hoc Tukey HSD was subsequently used and values at
P
<0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results:
There were significant increases in serum testosterone, testes-body weight ratio, luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone, respectively, compared with those in control group. Similarly, increase in acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, protein, glycogen and cholesterol levels were more significant compared with those in control group.
Conclusions:
The findings of this study reveals enhanced secretions of the sex hormones and other indices at 0.05 mL/kg body weight administration of
Cissus populnea
root ethanol infusion. However, dosages exceeding 0.05 mL/kg body weight gradually depletes the level of reproductive indices assayed for in this current study. Therefore, caution must be taken when consuming ethanol infusion of
Cissus populnea
root above the dosages used in this current study.
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4,104
327
Increase in reproductive ability of high-producing cows, and qualitative parameters of their offspring, under conditions of intensive milk production
Khamidulla B Baimishev, Murat H Baimishev, Vasily S Grigoryev, Alexander P Kokhanov, Inna V Uskova, Ismagil N Khakimov
July 2018, 7(4):167-171
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.237054
Objective:
To study the methods of increasing the reproductive qualities and indices of viability in the offspring of Holstein cows under conditions of intensive milk production.
Methods:
Studies were conducted on 3 groups of Holstein cows with 30 heads in each group. Animals of the experimental groups had a different length physiological period. The study focused on experimental groups of animals: the reproductive indicators, the viability of newborn calves, and their growth rate. All the digital materials of the experimental data were processed by the method of variation statistics for the significance of the difference of the compared parameters using the Student’s criterion, adopted in biology and zootechnics.
Results:
Studies found that reduction of the duration of the service period, along with a simultaneous increase in the inter-lactation period to 80-90 days, increased the reproductive capacity of the cows, and enhances the viability of the offspring compared with their peers.
Conclusions:
The study revealed the optimal duration of the physiological periods in high- producing cows under conditions of intensive milk production technology.
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2,939
303
Treatment of cows with clinical endometritis III as cows affected by pyometra-Non antibiotic treatment of severe clinical endometritis
Mohammad Rahim Ahmadi, Asghar Mogheiseh, Abdolah Mirzaei, Saeed Nazifi, Eisa Fallah
July 2018, 7(4):185-190
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.237057
Objective:
To confirm the efficacy of non-antibiotic treatment with prostaglandin F
2
α (PGF
2
α) in dairy cows affected by severe clinical endometritis in (30±3) days in milk.
Methods:
Cows with clinical endometritis 1 (
n
=399) were aligned into three groups randomly. The first group (
n
=115) received PGF
2
α, the second group (
n
=84) received intrauterine infusion (lUI) of oxytetracycline 10% + PGF
2 α
, and the third group (
n
=200) received IUI. Cows were inseminated following estrus. The pregnancy status, parity, calving and artificial insemination season, ovaries with corpus luteum at the time of treatment, dystocia, body condition score and treatment groups were included in data analysis.
Results:
Total pregnancy rate was 40.1% after the first insemination and 94.2% after the third insemination. Overall pregnancy rate of treated cows with IUI+PGF
2
α (84.5%) was significantly lower than the treated cows with PGF
2 α
(98.3%) or IUI (96%) (
P
<0.05). The first service pregnancy rate of inseminated cows in summer (14.3%) was lower in comparison with cows inseminated in spring (40.4%), fall (41.4%) and winter (51.7%) (
P
<0.05).
Conclusions:
PGF
2
α could treat severe clinical endometritis in dairy cows with corpus luteum in comparison with other treatments.
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REVIEWS
Low density lipoprotein in cryopreservation of semen
P Peruma
May 2018, 7(3):103-116
DOI
:10.4103/2305-0500.233571
Artificial insemination made a predominant contribution towards the improvement of genetic potential and increased productivity in animal husbandry sectors. In frozen semen technology, about 50% of sperm died because of cryoinjury or cryodamage during the process of cryopreservation and thawing of the semen. These cryo-damages can be minimized by use of various cryoprotective agents or cold shock absorbers in the frozen semen technology. Of which, egg yolk (EY) is most primarily important in the extender preparation for various mammalian species for longer period and it works against the cold shock during the cryopreservation process due to the presence of low density lipoproteins (LDL). Further, EY contains substances other than LDL that affect the sperm quality parameters especially reduced motility and inhibit the respiration of sperm; therefore, there was heavy demand on replacement of the EY with the particular responsible substances (LDL) in the semen extender. Later on, various investigators tried to extract the LDL from the EY of hen and finally succeeded to extract the LDL from the EY of hen for semen preservation of various species. The concentration of LDL used in various species is varied and this may be due to the composition and concentration of phospholipids, cholesterol and its proportion in the sperm membrane. In bovine species, the concentration of LDL was standardized as 8% (w/v) on dry matter basis. This is equal to 20% EY used in conventional semen extender. As it is explained that the 20% EY contains 68% LDL (13.6 g) and on dry matter basis, it is approximately 60% (8.16 g). This calculation indicates 20% EY contains 8% LDL on dry matter basis. The LDL protects the sperm by various mechanisms to maintain the integrity of sperm membrane, which is explained in the present review. It was concluded that the investigation is still to be carried out to find out the exact roles of apoproteins and lipids of LDL and to indentify and isolate the detrimental substances presented in the whole EY.
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th
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